Green Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Green Economics - Essay Example Green economics have so far been considered external to mainstream economics and there is a lot of discussion about whether they have any major points in similar. Green economics states that in the world we live in, needs looking after and if our daily transactions or dealings with each other affect the natural atmosphere, then it should be taken into account in decision making. As the natural resources are scarce, we can not use them wastefully, thus, our use of them should be noted. Besides, as our actions affect other human beings, such as a business decision affecting its consumers, suppliers, workers, shareholders, bank, the society and community etc, our actions can also affect non-human things such as plants, animals, the environment or the ecology and the different natural systems that exists around us. Green economics broadly encompasses the natural environment too while talking about social justice and other economic matters and has questioned some of the assumptions made by the classical economics. For this reason, it is often called non-neoclassical economics. ... Firms and individual also act separately on the basis on information and they have perfect knowledge. The assumptions of neoclassical theories include the profit maximizing behaviour of firms and the derivation of demand curves from the consumer indifference curves and budget lines to maximize their utility. Factors of production are analyzed by supply curves. It emphasizes on equilibrium and the aggregation of individual and firms' demands and supply curves. Bodies which shape up individual behaviour or are considered not as important are not emphasized. The conventional economics has taken a lot from this neoclassical approach in its assumptions and at the basic microeconomics level. Despite these derivations, there have been many individuals and economists who have criticized the neoclassical theories, especially when it came to the lack of attention given to the environment or the ecology. Green critics say that mainstream economists consider environmental and ecological considerations as externalities, which are a cost or benefit arising from an economic transaction or deal that affects a third party or people who are not directly related to the transaction. Conventional economics assume that the society's preferences are fixed and does not change or evolve with time or analysis. The green economists have often also shown distrust about capitalism which refers to an economic system where ownership is in private hands and economic decisions are made by the market economy. They do not believe that the "invisible hand" as called by Adam Smith makes the best decisions. The theory that self interest of individuals make them act in a certain way which brings

Ethical Dilemma Assignment-using restraints and seclusion in treatment Research Paper

Ethical Dilemma Assignment-using restraints and seclusion in treatment facilities - Research Paper Example According to a study, both psychiatric and emergency nurses hold the belief that these experiences of assault from patient is part of their profession and cannot be prevented (Haddad, 2004). This is quite a disturbing finding for those involved in providing mental health care. The Ethical Dilemma of Using Restraints in Treatment Facilities A patient receiving mental care behaves unpredictably. In some cases, they seem fine but suddenly perform violent acts—throwing objects, screaming or shouting angrily, and even posing as a threat to himself or to others. For clinical nurse practitioners in the psychiatric unit, this is the new dilemma they are facing: to use restriction or not. What is the ethical dilemma here? Nurses are expected to understand their role in patients’ lives. When it comes to the psychiatric care, one particular role stands out above all else—the nurse as an advocate for their patients (Park, 2009). It may be quite difficult to fight for the pat ients’ rights when faced with factors such as self-harming behavior, aggression targeted towards health care professionals, and the call as to whether restrictions should be used. It is often confusing where nurses should lie now—will it be in their role in advocating patient right to life, personal freedom, safety and preservation of dignity or will the nurse follow hospital protocols and use seclusion or restriction measures to avoid in any occurrence of harm to anyone? Most often, the latter is the case not because it was the appropriate response but because it is the instinctive human response to feel anger or fear (Haddad, 2004). What guide must a nurse use in correctly addressing the situation and what is the solution to this ethical dilemma? To make a nurse qualified for their roles in the hospital, ethical theories and principles have been established. Instructions have been specified to make the right choices. To start, ethical theories aim toward the achievem ent of an aggregate of objectives—beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice--called ethical principles. Beneficence is concerned with â€Å"do[ing] good† and is pertinent to the principle of utility where one aims to do the highest possible proportion of good over evil (Penslar, 1995). The next objective, least harm, is quite similar to the first principle. However, this is used when any decision made will have a malicious outcome. Respect for autonomy requires an ethical theory to result in patient’s complete dominance over their lives having the privilege to control the decisions which ultimately leads to the first principle of beneficence (Ridley, 1998; Ethical Principles, 2010). In relation to that, there are various perceptions of the connection between the two. Beneficence is given first concern rather than the autonomy of a person when viewing it paternalistically or the opposite in a libertarian view. Moreover, an ethical theory must acco mplish justice where fair actions are needed to resolve and is characterized by reasonable basis to (Ethical Principles, 2010). Moreover, nonmalificence differs from the least harm principle in that this aims to cause no harm at all and is considered to be of the greatest importance even if all principles are of the same significance in theory (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler, 1986). According to Rainbow’

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers Essay - 1

Summarization for 7 chapter of the weather makers - Essay Example The effects of clouds on global warming are still being investigated (Flannery 153-165). The Commitment and Approaching Extreme Danger (Seventeen) Although most of the greenhouse gases that was emitted during the WWI as our great-grand mothers stoked their fuel stoves is still warming the earth, It is not until about 2050 that we will be able to begin feeling the full effect of those greenhouse gases that happen to still be in circulation. The Earth’s current average temperature stands at around 59 degrees F and a slight increase could potentially wipe out most of the world’s species and billions of people (Flannery 166-170). Leveling the Mountains (Eighteen) The temperature drops by about 1 degree F for every distance of about one hundred yards travelled up a mountain. Without this effect, mountains would not be any different from the lowlands that surround them. In the past, when the world warmed at a rapid pace, most of the mountain-dwelling species used to inexorabl y and swiftly retreat to the cooler higher regions. It is possible to accurately calculate when some of these mountain dwelling species will become extinct given the current rate of global warming. The only species that stands to gain from the effects of global warming as animals retreat to the cooler temperatures are the four strains of malaria causing parasites (Flannery 171-177). How Can They Keep On Moving? (Nineteen) This is a brief chapter of the book in which Flannery seeks to explain just how climate change might potentially impact the world’s various habitats in the coming decades. Previously, Most of the world’s species had been able to escape the potentially catastrophic effects of climate change by moving up the mountains to the cooler parts where they could be able to find favorable temperatures necessary for their survival. However, as a result of global warming, there has been the formation of large water bodies being formed from the melting ice that ser ve in inhibiting the movement of these animals up the mountains. Various human activities such as buildings and fences are also playing a huge role in blocking the routes that these species normally use for migration. The effects of climate change are not limited to affecting only the animal species as various plant species are also being negatively impacted as well. Flannery explains how they fynbos which is one of the six floral kingdoms in the world and is found in the Cape Fold Mountains stands to lose nearly half of all its present species by the year 2050 if migration is restricted. Flannery is keen to point out that if immediate action were to be taken, we could potentially be able to save at least two species for every species that is killed failure to this, three out of every five of these species will not survive to see the turn of the century (Flannery 178-183). Boiling the Abyss (Twenty) In the past, scientist thought that the dying of most deep-sea dwelling fish immedia tely they happened to be brought up to the surface by the trawling nets used by marine biologists was attributed to the change in pressure. Modern scientists have proven this to be wrong and have attributed the deaths to temperature change. These fish are used to surviving in water temperatures that are close to zero and the surface temperatures are too high for them. The ocean is separated into different layers based on temperature. If perchance the ocean happens to absorb too much CO2, it

The Radio Free

The Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (RFERL) in Central Asia Essay News-provider websites are considered to be of great significance in the modern age. Socio-cultural news provider websites, specifically, are deemed to be more adeptly serving the news searchers as it is more accessible in the modern age. Also, due to a more globalized world, news is now regionalized and integrated covers are available in these internet sites. However, there are underlying considerations as to how effective a socio-cultural website given its content, timeliness, design and format. This review is an evaluation of the Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (RFERL) in Central Asia website; an internet news provider which tackles socio-cultural issues from different parts of Central Asia. The website Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty is a form of free media which covers up-to-date news in several regions of the world. It contains news feeds from different countries. Although common news-providers such as those in broadcast television or print includes a variety of sections such as the top news, weather, science, technology, entertainment, lifestyle, etc, this website focus solely on the top socio-cultural stories. These Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty stories are a variety of news and features in social/cultural issues, and international/domestic politics. In the Central Asia section of the website, being the section evaluated in this review, the countries covered are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. All of which contribute to this integrated news website with a variety and up-to-date content. The website’s content can be viewed as somehow very elaborate as different links and sections are made available within the webpage. The most important website links in the page is the navigation bars (subdivided into the standard navigation and the countries navigation bars) which contains an easy-access to all the other parts of the website aside from the Central Asia Region news feed alone. Also, the ten most recent news and features are presented within the webpage in a very neat layout, containing the title of the article, a brief summary, and an image related to the news. This is helpful as it becomes easier for the reader to scan and assess which articles he/she is interested in reading. Also another feature which is quite functional and helpful is the variety of available languages the articles can be read in. These are available at one section of the page which provides website links to pages which are written in the languages of English, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, and Uzbek. Furthermore, the website’s design conforms to news-provider pages standards. By and large, news feed website backgrounds are divided into sections and has a white background. The section divisions help the visitors to locate and identify what they are in search of. The white background, on the other hand, makes it easier for the readers to identify it as news articles as news is always associated in black text with a clean-colored background. This is true even in print such as magazines and newspapers. However, the articles posted in the webpage lack information needed to establish authorship’s credibility and timeliness. The news articles, although posted in summarized versions for viewers convenience, still needs to make the posting time available to make the summarized version more concrete. The readers need to know which time these summarized articles are posted so as not to misconceive it as outdated news or insignificant as of the current time. Also, authorship is very important as it raises the credibility of the article. As a socio-cultural website, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty in Central Asia conforms to news feeding website standards in the quality of the content and design of the website. Also, features made available such as language translation and RSS Feed (a feature which makes it possible for readers to get news in a manner most convenient to them) are highly useful and functional. Succinctly, even if there are insufficiency in providing some information, such as time and author, required in news-providing mediums, the website, still, is successful in providing up-to-date socio-cultural news in Central Asia. Reference News and Features from Central Asia. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (2009) February 10, 2009 from http://www. rferl. org/section/Central+Asia/172. html.

Essay --

The Effects of Concussions on the NFL For many years the NFL has been considered one of the most painful and dangerous sport played in the United States. But is it too Dangerous? The uprising number of concussions is shocking. NFL analysts survives suggest a 14 percent increase of concussions for the year 2013. Player safety rules have also been implemented into the official rule book. The three main effects that concussions have on the NFL today are big hits, big plays, and the defensive game played today. The NFL is known for its gruesome de-cleating hits on players, but the rising number of concussions has stripped players from being able to make these types of plays anymore! After the 2011 lawsuit, the NFL realized that new player safety rules had to be enforced into the NFL rule book. Rules such as no crown on crown to the helmet outside the tackle box have taken away the element of â€Å"big hits† in a football game. 1Redskin’s safety Brandon Meriwether was fined $42,000 for a helmet to helmet hit on Packer’s running back Eddie Lacey. Thank God for technology, because back in the 40’s they played football with leather a helmet. Also the NFL stated a new rule that each NFL team has to have a neurologist placed on the sideline for every official game. Jet’s player Jeremy Kerley suffered from a mind boggling week one injury. Kerley passed the mandatory concussion evaluation and soon after returns to the team. Suddenly, the following same day Jeremy was diagnosed with a concussion. I agree with the saying taking one the team, but playing with a concussion is like playing with fire. Some big hitters in the NFL are viewed as dirty players because of their bone crushing tackles. A lot of coaches like to blame big hits for the fact of... ...grams such as bigger, faster and stronger, there is no way that we can stop concussions from happening. I still watch and love football today but some part of me doesn’t think the defensive game is the same merely because of concussions. Although I think football should still be played in today society, a lot of people are viewing the game differently because of concussions. I disagree with hurting players, but some of the calls made this year dealing with tackling have made my mouth drop several times. Concussions effects on big hits, big plays, and defensive game style have changed the NFL for the worse. I understand that refs have to make what they see right calls, but in many cases players perform perfect technique and still get penalized. Although the NFL game is played at a high level, I believe concussions have taken some of the intensity away from players.

African Psychology :: essays research papers

Black Consciousness has been defined as an attitude of the mind and a way of life. Therefore, the purpose of teaching Black Consciousness was to conquer feelings of black inferiority and replace it with a new solid social identity which encouraged black pride and independence from white oppression. Africans should reject the myths from which Apartheid was conceived, where blacks were depicted as inferior, savage, simple and having a primitive culture which needed to be modernized. Rather blacks should believe in their true identity of being survivors with the utmost human dignity. Black people needed to become aware of their collective power both economically and politically. People of African descent must create their own value system, where they were self-defined not defined by white superiors. Therefore Black Consciousness’ main belief was, that racial domination had become internalized, thus causing low self-esteem, which in turn allowed room for political disunity and encouraged a dependence on white leadership. The philosophy of Black Consciousness was to break this set of attitudes and form a new belief in black self-reliance and dignity. It was only when this was achieved could black the man truly be liberated both physically and mentally. The Black Consciousness philosophy was an agenda for ideological realignment and political revitalization, which could rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed. This ideology brought a new sophistication and insight into the analysis of African psychology. An important psychological shift advocated by the Black Conscious Movement was the redefinition of blackness. No longer would Africans accept the negative label of ‘non-white’, they refused to be regarded as non-persons but demanded to be called positively as black. This definition of ‘black’ was not race or class exclusive rather it sought to incorporate all people who were discriminated against and denied access to white privileges under the oppressive apartheid regime. The definition of blackness is actually somewhat complex, the path to understanding it leads to certain directions. First off, that being black was a mental attitude, not just a matter of skin pigmentation. Secondly, by merely acknowledging that one is black already sets oneself along the road of emancipation. Another strong belief of the African Psychologists, of the was his rejection of Euro-American methods of measuring the intelligence and behavior of Black People. Psychologists believe that blacks needed to be self-reliant. They needed to do things for themselves, by themselves, instead of relying on the Euro-American or Western psychologists as the standards or absolutes. African Psychology :: essays research papers Black Consciousness has been defined as an attitude of the mind and a way of life. Therefore, the purpose of teaching Black Consciousness was to conquer feelings of black inferiority and replace it with a new solid social identity which encouraged black pride and independence from white oppression. Africans should reject the myths from which Apartheid was conceived, where blacks were depicted as inferior, savage, simple and having a primitive culture which needed to be modernized. Rather blacks should believe in their true identity of being survivors with the utmost human dignity. Black people needed to become aware of their collective power both economically and politically. People of African descent must create their own value system, where they were self-defined not defined by white superiors. Therefore Black Consciousness’ main belief was, that racial domination had become internalized, thus causing low self-esteem, which in turn allowed room for political disunity and encouraged a dependence on white leadership. The philosophy of Black Consciousness was to break this set of attitudes and form a new belief in black self-reliance and dignity. It was only when this was achieved could black the man truly be liberated both physically and mentally. The Black Consciousness philosophy was an agenda for ideological realignment and political revitalization, which could rebuild and recondition the mind of the oppressed. This ideology brought a new sophistication and insight into the analysis of African psychology. An important psychological shift advocated by the Black Conscious Movement was the redefinition of blackness. No longer would Africans accept the negative label of ‘non-white’, they refused to be regarded as non-persons but demanded to be called positively as black. This definition of ‘black’ was not race or class exclusive rather it sought to incorporate all people who were discriminated against and denied access to white privileges under the oppressive apartheid regime. The definition of blackness is actually somewhat complex, the path to understanding it leads to certain directions. First off, that being black was a mental attitude, not just a matter of skin pigmentation. Secondly, by merely acknowledging that one is black already sets oneself along the road of emancipation. Another strong belief of the African Psychologists, of the was his rejection of Euro-American methods of measuring the intelligence and behavior of Black People. Psychologists believe that blacks needed to be self-reliant. They needed to do things for themselves, by themselves, instead of relying on the Euro-American or Western psychologists as the standards or absolutes.

Narrative Structure and Narrative Function From Movies The English Patient Essay

Plot is series of events, usually presented in chronological or causal order. That’s a plot, a sequence of events. Story would be a narrative connection between all these events. That’s what’s missing. The film opens with an introduction to Hana, a young nurse. She lives in an abandoned villa, the Villa San Girolamo, that is filled with hidden, undetonated bombs. In her care is the English Patient. All that she knows about the patient is that he was burned beyond recognition in a plane crash before being taken to the hospital by a Bedouin tribe and that he claims to be English. The only possession that the Patient came with was a copy of Herodotus’ histories that he carried through the fire. He has annotated these histories and, in a sense, become a part of them. He is constantly remembering his explorations in the desert in great detail, but cannot state his own name. The Patient is, in fact, Là ¡szlà ³ de Almà ¡sy, a Hungarian desert explorer. He, however, chose to erase his identity and nationality. It is unknown whether this was for protection or as a metaphorical statement. Prompted to tell his story, the Patient begins to reveal all. He had an affair with Geoffrey Clifton’s wife, Katharine. They both accompanied the patient’s desert exploration team. The Patient’s job was to draw maps of the desert and The Cliftons’ plane made this job much easier. One of their earlier discoveries was the â€Å"cave of swimmers†. Almà ¡sy fell in love with Katherine Clifton one night as she read from Herodotus’ histories aloud around a campfire. They soon began a very intense affair, but in 1938, Katharine cut it off, claiming that Geoffrey would go mad if he discovered them. Geoffrey, however, does find out of the affair when he tricks her into thinking he’s out of town for the day (wanting to surprise her for their first wedding anniversary) and sees Katherine getting into a car. When World War II broke out in 1939, the members of the exploration team decided to pack up base camp and Geoffrey Clifton offered to pick up Almà ¡sy in his plane. However, Geoffrey Clifton arrived with Katharine and tried to kill all three of them by crashing the plane, leaving Almà ¡sy in the desert to die. Geoffrey Clifton was immediately killed. Katharine was also horribly injured. Almà ¡sy took her to â€Å"the cave of swimmers† and covered her with a parachute so he could leave to find help. After four days, he reached a town, but the British were suspicious of him because he had a foreign sounding last name. They locked him up as a spy. When Almà ¡sy finally gets away, he knew it was too late to save Katharine so he joined the Germans, helping their spies cross the desert into Cairo in exchange for gas and a car to get back to Katherine. After leaving Cairo, his car broke down in the desert. He went to the cave of swimmers to find Katharine. He retrieved her body and took it to the crashed plane which had been buried under the sand. He tried to fly back to civilization, but the plane malfunctioned during flight. Almà ¡sy parachuted down covered in flames which was where the Bedouins found him. Caravaggio, who had had suspicions that the Patient was not English, fills in details. Geoffrey Clifton was, in fact, an English spy and had intelligence about Almà ¡sy’s affair with Katharine. He also had intelligence that Almà ¡sy was already working with the Germans but whether he was or not is unclear. The film also focuses on Kip. Kip’s brother had always distrusted the West, but Kip entered the British Army willingly. He was trained as a sapper by Lord Suffolk, an English gentleman, who welcomed Kip into his family. Under Lord Suffolk’s training, Kip became very skilled at his job. When Lord Suffolk and his team get blown up by a bomb, Kip becomes separated from the world and emotionally removed from everyone. He decides to leave England and begin defusing bombs in Italy. Kip forms a romantic relationship with Hana and uses it to reconnect to humanity. He becomes a part of a community again and begins to feel comfortable as a lover. Then he hears news of the atomic bomb being dropped on Japan. He becomes enraged. He feels deceived and betrayed by this western world that he has tried to assimilate to. He threatens to kill the English Patient, but instead just leaves the Villa. For some time after their separation Hana wrote Kip letters, but he never responded. She eventually stopped. Years later Kip is happily married with children and is a successful doctor; however, he still often thinks of Hana. The film is set during World War II and depicts a critically burned man, at first known only as ‘the English patient’, who is being looked after by Hana, a French-Canadian nurse in a ruined Italian monastery. The patient is suffering from amnesia, but through a series of flashbacks he is gradually able to rediscover his past. It is slowly revealed that he is in fact a Hungarian geographer, Count Là ¡szlà ³ de Almà ¡sy, who was making a map of the Sahara Desert, and whose affair with a married woman ultimately brought about his present situation. As the patient remembers more, David Caravaggio, a Canadian thief, arrives at the monastery. Caravaggio lost his thumbs while being interrogated by officers of the German Africa Corps, and he gradually reveals that it was the patient’s actions that had brought about his torture. In addition to the patient’s story, the film devotes time to Hana and her romance with Kip, an Indian sapper in the British Army. Due to various events in her past, Hana believes that anyone who comes close to her is likely to die, and Kip’s position as a bomb defuser makes their romance full of tension. Narrator Function: The narrator is omniscient, and conveys the points of view of several different characters. The narrator is capable of knowing, seeing, and telling whatever he or she wishes. It is characterized by freedom in shifting from the exterior world to the inner selves of a number of characters and a freedom and movement in both time and place but to and event greater extent characterize it by the freedom of the narrator to comment on the meaning of actions.    Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_Patient A Hand Book to Litrature by C. Hugh Holman, William Harmon