The Importance Of Unix

The Importance Of Unix Unix is not limited to specific computers other operating system like using a microprocessor as a cpu. .the good thing about this is that it run on all sizes of computers using a wide range of microprocessors.moerover ,current versions of many other operating systems have been revised to include the capability to run unix applications and connect smoothly with unix. The operating system unix was found on its begginings of MULTICS.and it stands for multiplexed operating and computing system, where the whole project began on 1960s time period and in 1969 the project was pulled out by bell laboratories. it plays a precious role by counting all of the various flavors of UNIX and all of the Linux Flavors (which are sort of descendants of UNIX systems) would make up a large portion of all of the computers in operation. The operating system unix has a great importance because it was mainly designed to handle multiple user which was connected to a central hub which, in turn, it may be connected with the other hubs. This defines a network with a star topology which, amazingly enough, is the same as the basic structure of the entire internet. the most prevalent operating system in use was unix which In a nut shell is an operating system which at one point in time. This operating system has a graet impact in business and scientific sectors. We also heard about a UNIX system and non-ATT around 1990 or 1991, from the study we have found that there are a lots of incidence at a Usenix conference whre they working as a team in a different version with that of BSD UNIX that had been purged of ATT codeon when this kind of thing was really anacademic effort- there was no way we can run on a cheap Intel-based Pc. However it was also familiar as a long-term goal of the GNU project there must have a complete OS, although is true that in the earlier times they were still trying to focus on commands and compilers. When we started with linux some years ago on fooling around , and it creates a awareness in the real-world installations like Google, it was out of our idea that how good linux was,because we are trying to look at it as a user, not as a systems programmer. Once we start updating a book, and we found nice result, which forced me to go deeeper. We have started working with different linux systems like FreeBSD and SuSE we found that it was running on two spare desktop boxes. After that we decided to buy a another another box to run Solaris, and we did it and finally decided to add it in a Macintosh to run OS X, where a UNIX kernel (Darwin) was existed. There was a book in which it was more than 17000 lines of different example code was there which was covered about 300 system calls, and we are trying to test all the examples on all four systems. We are trying to find out How the other three systems would stack up against Linux, where each of which was came or originated in some way from genuine UNIX ATT? We found a surprising result, as it turned out True, the Linux we were using the latest UNIX standard was well behind Solaris in conforming to, however it was lack of POSIX threads ,POSIX interprocess communication, , and a some other system calls, but the real thing was that whatever was there was complete ,solid, and, especially,more than enough. We have discovered Linux its targeted at the most critical industrial applications, has no academic exercise.Furthermore, although we are trying to write the book , Linux 0/s kept evolving. It has now POSIX threads. It has a great commercial domination, we have good idea that linux creates a big role , on SCOs litigation judging from the news articles about, Microsofts jitters , and Suns decline.However the most important thing of Linux is socially and technically? Its this: Linux and the BSD-derived systems are open source, Unlike other UNIX clones, , so that the users can have the source if they want to use it or simply want it, they can also that vendors who improve the source. We have different examples of that .for example Red Hat, have to share their improvements.the users have a chioce to be totally self-sufficient, building their own kernel and compiler. Otherwise , they have a choice to use a commercial distribution, and they still have the ability or chance to make their own. ambitious professionals and Students can learn how a real OS is put together. If we think about developing countries Linux is perfect, because to educate their knowledge workersand to make them skilled , they can use it.on the other hand, they can deploy by running afoul of intellectual-property agreements,or without spending cash or and which can make them self-sufficient rather than being dependent on European technology companies and US . From a statistics we have found that in the last 30 years, the operating system UNIX is still known as the storong, versatile,in a word simply the best operating systems in the world. howeverThe popularity of this operating system is hinges on its simplicity, its it has a ability in running in various different machines, open standards design, and it is also good for its portability system. The important thing about UNIX is that it was and reliable, multi-user, secure, operating system that continues to dominate the enterprise Web- and application-hosting landscape.. In the present time the computer experts believe that for the web hosting unix is the best choice , where the another best alternative is linux ®, and someof The biggest vendors like ibm are strongly backing . One of the biggest reasons for using Unix is networking capability. With other operating systems, additional software must be purchased for networking. With Unix, networking capability is simply part of the operating system. Unix is ideal for such things as world wide e-mail and connecting to the Internet. If we try to compare between windows and linux we can find a clear idea.which one is more secure,reliable and chatheap. From the statistics we have found that We know that unix operating system is more secure,reliable and less expensive than that of microsoft ® Windows NT ® servers.. it is out of our skepticism that, each point can be argued, but no one can argue the fact that many UNIX operating system flavors are free. Everybody need to remember one thing about the operating system unix is that it is open source. Even if we think about security, one of the report showing a different result which is an aggregation of UNIX operating systemflavors versus Windows operating system in a different battle field likely Web-hosting environment clearly reveals that it takes a lot of time if the hacker want to hack a unix based server. If we assume an enterprise which is based on microsoft based messaging but not independant,where Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), Office Accessà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, BizTalk ® Server, or any other proprietary software, for instance, Windows servers will undoubtedly be a piece of the SOA puzzle that this article reviews, the reason behind this is that as they have no other choice if they need to run that kind of software. Unix operating system was written in a machine independent language. So Unix and unix-like operating systems can run on a variety of hardware. These systems are available from many different sources, some of them at no cost. Because of this diversity and the ability to utilize the same user-interface on many different systems, Unix is said to be an opensystem.. Everything in UNIX is either a file or a process.A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (process identifier).A file is a collection of data. They are created by users using text editors, running compilers etc. Although we dont need to say, what the future may bring-virtualization; complete services-, mash-up-, or portlet-based application front ends with shared computing hosting and database environments-somewhere out there you will still have UNIX servers doing what they do best: providing a reliable operating system to host a variety of Web computing needs. From this information we can get a clear idea of the history of UNIX servers in the enterprise and how important they are to the SOA puzzle drills into and exposes which technologies are used for each SOA implementation and the platforms on which they perform best. Reference and bibliography: 1.understanding operating systems fourth edition , by ida M.Flynn Mclver Mchoes. 2.operating systems internals and design principles, fifth edition by william stallings. 3. http://www.unix.com/ 4. http://tutorial.jcwcn.com/Operating-Systems/Linux/Linux-and-other-OSs/2008-09-16/10803.html 5. http://www.sharadavikas.com/CourceMeterials/mca34.PDF. 6. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/?ito=1640 7. http://www.computing.net/

Comparing Femininity in The Woman Warrior and King Lear Essay -- compa

Femininity in The Woman Warrior and King Lear  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   What is femininity? What role should women play in society? These are questions that humanity has faced ever since the first hunter-gatherer tribes developed. Gender roles, at least in the popular imagination, were clear; the men hunted for big game, the women picked nuts and berries. There were clear reasons for this - hunting required the brute muscular strength of the male, while gathering did not. But as humanity invented labor-saving devices, physical strength became less and less important to survival, while "mental strength" - strength of character - played an ever-increasing role. This is a phenomenon that we see played out in Shakespeare's play King Lear and Maxine Hong Kingston's memoir The Woman Warrior.    Any work of literature can be said to make a claim about the nature of femininity; even a work with all male characters would be notable in this respect for the absence of females. But these two works are notable because rather than showing females in their "traditional" passive roles, they are made into active figures. Though the two works are vastly separated in space and time, they both make the same essential claim about the nature of woman. They make the claim that women can, and should, be empowered, and that the idea of the "woman warrior" is not a dream, but a viable reality. In order to show this, the character in each work that best exemplifies this "modern spirit must be considered. In King Lear, this is Cordelia, although the choice is superficially unobvious. In The Woman Warrior, the narrator - Maxine, for the sake of brevity - is the only female character well enough known to the reader for any empowerment to be perceived. In order... ...o begin the essay with the quote below:   The last thing I wanted was infinite security and to be    the place an arrow shoots off from. I wanted change and    excitement and to shoot off in all directions myself, like    the colored arrows from a Fourth of July rocket. Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar (68)    Works Cited Feldman, Erica. Personal communication. 28 Sept 2000. Kingston, Maxine Hong. The Woman Warrior. New York: Vintage International, 1975. O'Brien, Tim. "How To Tell A True War Story." The Things They Carried. New York: Penguin, 1990. 73-91. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Rolfe, Alex. "Fa Mu Lan: an autobiography." The Woman Warrior reaction papers. 2000. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. 1608. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993.      

Financial Environment and Interest Rate and Inflation

An Assignment of Business Finance Course Code: FIN -2101 Submitted To: Md. Monzur Morshed Bhuiya Associate Professor Department of Finance Jagannath University, Dhaka. Submitted By: Md. Mazharul Islam. Group Representative of Finance Interface B. B. A, 3rd Batch (2nd Year, 1st Semester) Session: 2008-2009 Department of Finance Jagannath University, Dhaka. Date of Submission: 25-10-2010 Department of Finance Jagannath University 1|Page 1 Sl. No. Name 01. Md. Mazharul Islam. (Group Representative) 02. Khadizatuz Zohara. Roll No. 091541 091526 Department of Finance Jagannath University 2|PageTable of Contents Sl. No. 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 Contents Problems Yield Curves Yield Curves Inflation and Interest Rate Rate of Interest Real Risk-Free Rate, MRP and DRP Exam-Type Problems Expected Inflation Rate Expected Rate of Interest Expected Rate of Interest Interest Rate Interest Rate Expected Rate of Interest Ending Part Formula and Necessary Illustration for Calculat ion Summary of the Assignment Page No. 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 Department of Finance Jagannath University 3|Page The Financial Environment: Interest Rates Problems 2-1:Suppose you and most other investors expect the rate of inflation to be 7 percent next year, to fall to 5 percent during the following year, and then to remain at a rate of 3 percent thereafter. Assume that the real risk-free rate, k*, is 2 percent and that maturity risk premium on treasury securities rise from zero on very short-term bonds ( those that mature in few days) by 0. 2 percentage points for each year to maturity, up to a limit of 1. 0 percentage point on five year or longer-term T-bonds. a. Calculate the interest rate on one, two, three, four, five, 10 and 20 year Treasury securities, and Plot the yield curve. .Now suppose IBM, a highly rated company, had bonds with the same- maturities as the Treasury bonds. As an approximation, plot a yield curve for IBM on the same graph with the Treasury bon d yield curve, (Hint: Think about the default risk premium on IBM’s long-term versus its short-term bonds. ) c. Now plot the approximate yield curve of Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO), a risky nuclear utility. Solution 2-1: Requirement ‘a’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 7% 5% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) = 7% 1 =7% 2 = (7%+5%) ? 2 = 6% 3 = (12%+3%) ? 3 = 5% 4 = (15%+3%) ? 4 =4. 5% 5 =(18%+3%) ? 5 = 4. 2% 10 =(21%+3%? 5) ? 10=3. 6% 20 =(36%+3%? 10) ? 20=3. 3% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 9% 8% 7% 6. 5% 6. 2% 5. 6% 5. 3%Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 2% =0. 4% 0. 4%+0. 2% =0. % 0. 6%+0. 2% =0. 8% 0. 8%+0. 2% =1. 0% 1. 0% 1. 0% Department of Finance Jagannath University 4|Page And Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond The yield Curve: + 9% + 0. 2% 8% + 0. 4% 7% + 0. 6% 6. 5% + 0. 8% 6. 2% + 1. 0% 5. 6% + 1. 0% 5. 3% + 1. 0% Interest Rate (k) 9. 2% 8. 4% 7. 6% 7. 3% 7. 2% 6. 6% 6. 3% 10. 5 10. 0 9. 5 9. 0 8. 5 Yield (%) 8. 0 7. 5 7. 0 6. 5 6. 0 5. 5 5. 0 0 2 4 6 8 Yield Curve LILCO IBM T – Bonds – Bonds T 10 12 14 16 18 20 Yield of MaturityRequirement ‘b’: The interest rate on the IBM bonds has the same components as the Treasury securities, except that the IBM bonds have default risk, so a default risk premium must be included. Therefore, = * + IP + MRP + DRP For a strong company such as IBM, the default risk premium is virtually zero for short-term bonds. However, as time to maturity increases, the probability of default, although still small, is sufficient to warrant a default premium. Thus, the yiel d risk curve for the IBM bonds will rise above the yield curve for the Treasury securities.In the graph, the default risk premium was assumed to be 1. 2 percentage points on the 20-year IBM bonds. The return should equal 6. 3% + 1. 2% = 7. 5%. Department of Finance Jagannath University 5|Page Requirement ‘c’: Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) bonds would have significantly more default risk than either Treasury securities or IBM bonds, and the risk of default would increase over time due to possible financial deterioration. In this example, the default risk premium was assumed to be 1. 0 percentage point on the one-year LILCO bonds and 2. 0 percentage points on the 20-year bonds.The 20-year return should equal 6. 3% + 2% = 8. 3%. ————- Problem 2-2: The following yield on U. S. Treasury securities were taken from The Wall Street Journal on January 7, 2004: Term Rate 6 months 1. 0% 1 year 1. 2% 2 year 1. 6% 3 year 2. 5% 4 year 2. 9% 5 year 3 . 7% 10 year 4. 6% 20 year 5. 1% 30 year 5. 3% Plot a yield curve based on these data. Discuss how each term structure theory mentioned in the chapter can explain the shape of the yield curve you plot. Solution 2-2: 5. 35 5. 30 5. 25 Yield (%) 5. 20 5. 15 5. 10 5. 05 5. 00 4. 95 4. 90 4. 85 0 5 Yield Curve 10 15 20 Maturity (years) 25 30 ———— Department of Finance Jagannath University 6|Page Problem 2-3: Inflation currently is about 2 percent. Last year the Fed took actions to maintain inflation at this level. However, the economy is showing signs that it might be growing too quickly, and reports indicate that inflation is expected to increase during the next five year. Assume that at the beginning of 2005, the rate of inflation expected for the year is 4 percent; for 2006, it is expected to be 5 percent; for 2007, it is expected to be 7 percent; and, for 2008 and every year thereafter, it is expected to settle at 4 percent. a.What is the average expected inflation rate over the five year period 2005-2009? b. What average nominal interest would, over the five-year period, be expected to produce a 2 percent real risk-free rate of return on five-year Treasury securities? c. Assuming a real risk-free rate of 2 percent and a maturity risk premium that starts at 0. 1 percent and increases by 0. 1 percent each year, estimate the interest rate in January 2005on bond that mature in one, two, five, 10 and 20 years and draw a yield curve based on these data. d. Describe the general economic conditions that could be expected to produce an upward-sloping yield curve. . If the consensus among investors in early 2005 is that the expected rate of inflation for every future year is 5 percent ( = 5% for t = 1 to ? ), what do you think the yield curve would look like?Consider all the factors that are likely to affect the curve. Does your answer here make you question the yield curve you drew in part c? Solution 2-3: Requirement ‘a & b’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 4% 5% 7% 4% 4% 4% 4% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) 1 = 4% 1 =4% 2 = (4%+5%) ? 2 = 4. 5% 3 = (9%+7%) ? 3 = 5. 33% 4 = (16%+4%) ? =5% 5 =(20%+4%) ? 5 = 4. 8% 10 =(24%+4%? 5) ? 10=4. 4% 20 =(44%+2%? 5) ? 20=4. 2% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 6% 6. 5% 7. 33% 7% 6. 8% 6. 4% 6. 2% Requirement ‘c’: Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Department of Finance Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0. 1% 0. 1%+0. 1% =0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 1% =0. 3% 0. 3%+0. 1% =0. 4% 0. 5%+0. 1% =0. 5% 0. 5%+(0. 1%? 5) =1. 0% 1. 0%+(0. 1%? 10) =2. 0% Jagannath University 7|PageAnd Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond The Yield Curve: 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 6. 0 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 0 0. 0 0 2 4 + 6% + 0. 1% 6. 5% + 0. 2% 6. 8% + 0. 5% 6. 4% + 1. 0% 6. 2% + 2. 0% Estimated Interest Rate (k) 6. 1% 6. 7% 7. 3% 7. 4% 8. 2% Yield Curve Yield (%) 6 8 10 12 14 Years to Maturity 16 18 20 Requirement ‘d’: The ? normal? yield curve is upward sloping because, in ? normal? times, inflation is not expected to trend either up or down, so IP is the same for debt of all maturities, but the MRP increases with years, so the yield curve slopes up.During a recession, the yield curve typically slopes up especially steeply, because inflation and consequently short-term interest rates are currently low, yet people expect inflation and interest rates to rise as the economy comes out of the recession. Requirement ‘e’: If inflation rates are expected to be constant, then the expectations theory holds that the yield curve should be horizontal. However, in this event it is likely that maturity risk premiums would be applied to long-term bonds because o f the greater risks of holding long-term rather than short-term bonds: Yield (%) Actual yield curveMaturity risk premium Pure expectations yield curve Years to Maturity Department of Finance Jagannath University 8|Page If maturity risk premiums were added to the yield curve in part e above, then the yield curve would be more nearly normal—that is, the long-term end of the curve would be raised. ————- Problem 2-4: Assume that the real risk-free rate of return, k*, is 3 percent, and it will remain at that level far into the future. Also assume that maturity risk premiums on Treasury Bonds increase from zero for bonds that mature in one year or less to a maximum of 2 percent, and MRP increases by 0. percent for each year to maturity that is greater than one year – that is, MRP equals 0. 2 percent for a two-year bond, 0. 4 percent for a three year bond, and so forth. Following are the expected inflation rates for the next five years: Year Inflat ion Rate (%) 2005 3 2006 5 2007 4 2008 8 2009 3 a. b. c. d. What is the average expected inflation rate for a one, two, three, four and five year bond? What should be the MRP for a one, two, three, four and five year bond? Compute the interest rate for a one, two, three, four and five year bond?If inflation is expected to equal 2 percent every year after 2009, what should be the interest rate for a 10 and 20 year bond? e. Plot the yield curve for the interest rates you computed in parts c and d. Solution 2-4: Requirement ‘a’: Expected Annual Inflation Rate 3% 5% 4% 8% 3% 2% 2% Real Risk-free Rate (k*) 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Average Expected Inflation Rate or Inflation Premium (IP) 1 = 3% 1 =3% 2 = (3%+5%) ? 2 = 4% 3 = (8%+4%) ? 3 = 4% 4 = (12%+8%) ? 4 =5% 5 =(20%+3%) ? 5 = 4. 6% 10 =(23%+2%? 5) ? 10=3. 3% 20 =(33%+2%? 5) ? 20=2. 65%Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Requirement ‘b†™: Average Nominal Interest Rate = k* + IP 6% 7% 7% 8% 7. 6% 6. 3% 5. 65% Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond Maturity Risk Premium (MRP) 0% 0%+0. 2% =0. 2% 0. 2%+0. 2% =0. 4% 0. 4%+0. 2% =0. 6% 0. 6%+0. 2% =0. 8% 0. 8%+(0. 2%? 5)=1. 8% 2% Department of Finance Jagannath University 9|Page Requirement ‘c & d’: Bond Type 1st year bond 2nd year bond 3rd year bond 4th year bond 5th year bond 10th year bond 20th year bond 6% + 0% 7% + 0. 2% 7% + 0. 4% 8% + 0. 6% 7. 6% + 0. 8% 6. 3% + 1. 8% 5. 65% + 2% Interest Rate (k) 6% 7. 2% 7. 4% 8. 6% 8. 4% 8. 1% 7. 65% Requirement ‘e’: Yield Curve 9. 0 8. 5 Yield (%) 8. 0 7. 5 7. 0 6. 5 6. 0 5. 5 5. 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Years to Maturity ————Problem 2-5: Today’s edition of The Wall Street Journal reports that the yield on Treasury bills maturing in 30 days is 3. 5 percent, the yield on Treasury bills m aturing in 10 years is 6. 5 percent, and the yield on a bond issued by Nextel Communications that matures in six years is 7. 5 percent.Also, today the Federal Reserve announced that inflation is expected to be 2 percent during the next 12 months. There is a maturity risk premium (MRP) associated with all bonds with maturities equal to one year or more. a. Assume that the increase in the MRP each year is the same and the total MRP is the same for bonds with maturities equal to 10 years and greater that is, MRP is at its maximum for bonds with maturities equal to 10 years and greater. What is the MRP per year? b. What is default risk premium associated with Nextel’s bond? c. What is the real risk-free rate of return? Department of Finance Jagannath University 0 | P a g e Solution 2-5: Requirement ‘a’:Since MRP associated with all bonds with maturities equal to one year or more, so with Treasury bills maturing in 30 days, 0% MRP is associated, then k = k* + IP ? 3. 5% = k* + 2% ? k* = 3. 5% ? 2% ? k* = 1. 5% At the 10 year bond: k = k* + IP + MRP ? 6. 5% = 1. 5% + 2% + MRP ? MRP = 6. 5% ? 1. 5% ? 2% ? MRP = 3% As MRP at 10 year bond is 3%. So MRP per year is (3? 10) = 0. 3%. Requirement ‘b’: Since 30 days T-bond and 10 years T-bond fulfills the equations:- K = k* +IP +MRP, We have to calculate DRP from 6 years Nextel Bond: k = k* +IP +DRP +MRP ? 7. 5% = 1. 5% + 2% + DRP + (0. % ? 6) ? 7. 5% = 3. 5% + DRP + 1. 8% ? DRP = 7. 5% ? 3. 5% ? 1. 8% ? DRP = 2. 2% Requirement ‘c’: Now real risk-free rate of return k* = 3. 5% – IP = 3. 5% – 2. 0% = 1. 5% ————- Exam-Type Problems 2-6: According to The Wall Street Journal, the interest rate on one-year Treasury bonds is 2. 2 percent, The rate on two-year Treasury bonds is 3. 0 percent, and the rate on three-year Treasury bonds is 3. 6 percent. These bonds are considered risk free, so the rates given here are risk free rates ( ). The one-y ear bond matures one year from today, the two-year bond matures two year from today and so forth.

buy custom Providers of Health Care essay

buy custom Providers of Health Care essay Providers of health care give essential services in any form of health institutions (hospitals, pharmacies, nursing centers etc). The services vary a lot and could range from curative ones to preventive and they target either individuals or community at large. These workers can be nurses, dentists, pharmacists, dietists, midwives, physicians, pharmaconomists, emergency medical technicians, and many others. Dental therapists emerged due to peoples lack to access the dentists; hence this job creation was to help in the disparities. In addition due to poor roads in some countries, they also lacked basic training for dental health thus need for therapists. Growth in the sector occurred with the sponsoring of students to take it as a specialist in New Zealand especially those from Alaska where the mentioned problems were prevalent. In the modern world the types of foods available and the habits developed has led to more oral problems in comparison to specialists to available. Generally, dental therapists have so far had a very positive impact in health industry: with more workers in the field the expenses in terms wages have reduced, and also accessibility by the patients is easier. The availability of clinical care in the dental field has greatly improved because they carry out important procedures including: assessment of teeth, polishing, using teeth tools except for few ones and much mo re. However the cost of training is higher for a high number of practioners. With yearly certification, the dental therapy field is likely to be more developed in the next two decades. Emergency Medical Technicians are those health workers that respond to emergencies in hospitals or even in ambulances. With increased road accidents, emergencies were on the rise and this is one of the reasons for this job creation. The growth in this field was significantly contributed by a vote by American Board of Medical Specialties that the emergency field become officially recognized in the late 1970s. Implications of the EMTs (as commonly known) are very positive as endangered peoples lives greatly depend on them before they can see any kind of doctor. Financially, the wages of EMTs affects the health industry only to a small extend compared to the strenuous work they are usually involved in. Emergency Medical Technicians play a key role in terms of care making sure it is always available especially in cases of excessive bleeding. The services provided by the practitioners may increase costs in the medical fields due to needs and conditions such as oxygen and emergency drugs, in addition training costs for them is also quite high especially up to the paramedics level. The high rate of emergency cases will make sure this career is still available even in the next 20 years. Medical assistants perform under medical doctors by helping them with tasks such as drugs and injection administration, checking up of patients signs and symptoms as well as recording important information about the state of the patients. In the United States, certification of Medical Assistants started in early 1970s by an organization of Medical Technologists. Certification by other bodies such as National Health career Association has helped in the growth of this job. In the health industry, sometimes, controversial issues may arise due the work these workers are supposed to perform, as they need to work under doctors. Some states may allow them to perform doctors procedures. Availability of care in hospitals may be improved by presence of medical assistants although financially more workers in the hospitals mean more money for paying them. The job is essential in hospitals and for their high demand, the future of these workers is bright for more than the following two decades. Buy custom Providers of Health Care essay

Email Newsletters How to Make One That Your Customers Love

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Green Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Green Economics - Essay Example Green economics have so far been considered external to mainstream economics and there is a lot of discussion about whether they have any major points in similar. Green economics states that in the world we live in, needs looking after and if our daily transactions or dealings with each other affect the natural atmosphere, then it should be taken into account in decision making. As the natural resources are scarce, we can not use them wastefully, thus, our use of them should be noted. Besides, as our actions affect other human beings, such as a business decision affecting its consumers, suppliers, workers, shareholders, bank, the society and community etc, our actions can also affect non-human things such as plants, animals, the environment or the ecology and the different natural systems that exists around us. Green economics broadly encompasses the natural environment too while talking about social justice and other economic matters and has questioned some of the assumptions made by the classical economics. For this reason, it is often called non-neoclassical economics. ... Firms and individual also act separately on the basis on information and they have perfect knowledge. The assumptions of neoclassical theories include the profit maximizing behaviour of firms and the derivation of demand curves from the consumer indifference curves and budget lines to maximize their utility. Factors of production are analyzed by supply curves. It emphasizes on equilibrium and the aggregation of individual and firms' demands and supply curves. Bodies which shape up individual behaviour or are considered not as important are not emphasized. The conventional economics has taken a lot from this neoclassical approach in its assumptions and at the basic microeconomics level. Despite these derivations, there have been many individuals and economists who have criticized the neoclassical theories, especially when it came to the lack of attention given to the environment or the ecology. Green critics say that mainstream economists consider environmental and ecological considerations as externalities, which are a cost or benefit arising from an economic transaction or deal that affects a third party or people who are not directly related to the transaction. Conventional economics assume that the society's preferences are fixed and does not change or evolve with time or analysis. The green economists have often also shown distrust about capitalism which refers to an economic system where ownership is in private hands and economic decisions are made by the market economy. They do not believe that the "invisible hand" as called by Adam Smith makes the best decisions. The theory that self interest of individuals make them act in a certain way which brings

Ethical Dilemma Assignment-using restraints and seclusion in treatment Research Paper

Ethical Dilemma Assignment-using restraints and seclusion in treatment facilities - Research Paper Example According to a study, both psychiatric and emergency nurses hold the belief that these experiences of assault from patient is part of their profession and cannot be prevented (Haddad, 2004). This is quite a disturbing finding for those involved in providing mental health care. The Ethical Dilemma of Using Restraints in Treatment Facilities A patient receiving mental care behaves unpredictably. In some cases, they seem fine but suddenly perform violent acts—throwing objects, screaming or shouting angrily, and even posing as a threat to himself or to others. For clinical nurse practitioners in the psychiatric unit, this is the new dilemma they are facing: to use restriction or not. What is the ethical dilemma here? Nurses are expected to understand their role in patients’ lives. When it comes to the psychiatric care, one particular role stands out above all else—the nurse as an advocate for their patients (Park, 2009). It may be quite difficult to fight for the pat ients’ rights when faced with factors such as self-harming behavior, aggression targeted towards health care professionals, and the call as to whether restrictions should be used. It is often confusing where nurses should lie now—will it be in their role in advocating patient right to life, personal freedom, safety and preservation of dignity or will the nurse follow hospital protocols and use seclusion or restriction measures to avoid in any occurrence of harm to anyone? Most often, the latter is the case not because it was the appropriate response but because it is the instinctive human response to feel anger or fear (Haddad, 2004). What guide must a nurse use in correctly addressing the situation and what is the solution to this ethical dilemma? To make a nurse qualified for their roles in the hospital, ethical theories and principles have been established. Instructions have been specified to make the right choices. To start, ethical theories aim toward the achievem ent of an aggregate of objectives—beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice--called ethical principles. Beneficence is concerned with â€Å"do[ing] good† and is pertinent to the principle of utility where one aims to do the highest possible proportion of good over evil (Penslar, 1995). The next objective, least harm, is quite similar to the first principle. However, this is used when any decision made will have a malicious outcome. Respect for autonomy requires an ethical theory to result in patient’s complete dominance over their lives having the privilege to control the decisions which ultimately leads to the first principle of beneficence (Ridley, 1998; Ethical Principles, 2010). In relation to that, there are various perceptions of the connection between the two. Beneficence is given first concern rather than the autonomy of a person when viewing it paternalistically or the opposite in a libertarian view. Moreover, an ethical theory must acco mplish justice where fair actions are needed to resolve and is characterized by reasonable basis to (Ethical Principles, 2010). Moreover, nonmalificence differs from the least harm principle in that this aims to cause no harm at all and is considered to be of the greatest importance even if all principles are of the same significance in theory (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler, 1986). According to Rainbow’